Out-of-core real-time haptic interaction on very large models

In this paper we address the problem of fast inclusion tests and distance calculation in very large models, an important issue in the context of environments involving haptic interaction or collision detection. Unfortunately, existing haptic rendering or collision detection toolkits cannot handle polygonal models obtained from 3D digitized point clouds unless the models are simplified up to a few thousand polygons, which leads to an important lack of detail for the scannedpieces.Wepropose a data structure that is able to manage very large polygonalmodels (over 25Mpolygons), andwe explain how this can be used in order to compute the inclusion of a point into the solid surface very efficiently, performing several thousand pointin-solid tests per second. Ourmethod uses a data structure called EBP-Octree (Extended Bounding-Planes Octree), which is a very tight hierarchy of convex bounding volumes. Based on a spatial decomposition of the model using an octree, at each node it defines a bounding volume using a subset of the planes of the portion of the polygonalmodel contained at that node.We use the EBP-Octree in a haptic interaction environment, where distance tests and the orientation of collided triangles must be accurate and fast. We also demonstrate that the proposed algorithm largely meets the interactive query rate demanded by a haptic interaction (1 kHz), despite being executed in a single CPU thread on a commonly available computer. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.